Mark Litwintschik has a fairly simple guide for installing Hadoop 3 on a single node for testing:
This post is meant to help people explore Hadoop 3 without feeling the need they should be using 50+ machines to do so. I’ll be using a fresh installation of Ubuntu 16.04.2 LTS on a single computer. The machine has an Intel Core i5-7300HQ CPU clocked at 2.50GHz, 8 GB of RAM and a 200 GB mechanical disk drive. I intentionally picked a low end machine to demonstrate not much is needed to try out Hadoop in a learning exercise.
Please do be mindful these instructions are aimed at building a test environment that is cut off from the outside world. Beyond the fact this is a single machine installation for software which is meant to run on multiple machines there would need to be significant content changes to turn these instructions into production installation notes.
It’s a useful guide if you’re not interested in going with one of the platform vendors like Hortonworks or Cloudera.