Swatee Chand has a tutorial on querying Elasticsearch:
In Elasticsearch, aggregations framework is responsible for providing the aggregated data based on a search query. Aggregations can be composed together in order to build complex summaries of the data. For a better understanding, consider it as a unit-of-work. It develops analytic information over a set of documents that are available in Elasticsearch. Various types of aggregations are available, each of them having its own purpose and output. For simplification, they are generalized to 4 major families:
Bucketing
Here each bucket is associated with a key and a document. Whenever the aggregation is executed, all the buckets criteria are evaluated on every document. Each time a criterion matches, the document is considered to “fall in” the relevant bucket.
Metric
Metrics are the aggregations which are responsible for keeping a track and computing the metrics over a set of documents.
Matrix
Matrix are the aggregations which are responsible for operating on multiple fields. They produce a matrix result out of the values extracted from the requested document fields. Matrix does not support scripting.
Pipeline
Pipeline are the aggregations which are responsible for aggregating the output of other aggregations and their associated metrics together.
If you deal with Elasticsearch (or have log data that you want to query through), this tutorial will give you an idea of what you can do.