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Category: Syntax

Unpivoting With APPLY

Published 2016-07-07 by Kevin Feasel

I have a post on using the APPLY operator to unpivot data:

This code works, but if you have dozens of years, it gets messy writing those case statements and you’re a bit more likely to make a mistake when refactoring code. Here’s a simpler version using CROSS APPLY:

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SELECT
    s.Product,
    y.[Year],
    y.Quantity,
    y.[Value]
FROM #Sales s
    CROSS APPLY (VALUES
        (2013, [Qty2013], [Val2013]),
        (2014, [Qty2014], [Val2014]),
        (2015, [Qty2015], [Val2015])
    ) y([Year], Quantity, [Value]);

It’s a little easier to read than the other version, and adding additional years is pretty straightforward.  That makes for a great tip when you’re trying to refactor poorly-thought-out tables or bring into your system potentially well-thought-out flat files.

APPLY is an elegant solution to so many different classes of problem.

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Basic XML Querying

Published 2016-07-01 by Kevin Feasel

Steve Jones discusses a couple peculiarities of XML querying within SQL Server:

This doesn’t work.

The reason this doesn’t work is that XML is case sensitive. Meaning ORDERID != OrderID. The former is in the query, the latter in the XML document. If I change the query, this works (note I have OrderID below).

Like Steve, I’m not a big fan of doing XML processing within SQL Server, but if it’s a necessary part of your workload, it’s worth knowing.

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Watch Those Parentheses

Published 2016-06-28 by Kevin Feasel

Kenneth Fisher shows how to see open and close parenthetical locations:

You’ll notice that when I go over the parentheses the one I’ve selected and it’s pair turn yellow, unless there isn’t a pair of course. You can also use Ctrl-] to flip between the open and close parenthesis in a pair. This can be particularly useful to make sure that you remembered a close parenthesis at the end of a subquery. In this case that last close parenthesis doesn’t have a match. Now finding out that you are missing an open parenthesis doesn’t mean you know where it’s supposed to go. But you can track the different pairs, making sure that each time you open a parenthesis you close it in the correct place. In this case it belonged right at the beginning.

FYI yellow isn’t the default (it’s a light gray). I find the default hard to see (I’m getting old) so I changed it to yellow in the options under fonts and colors.

Read the whole thing.

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LEN Is For Strings

Published 2016-06-06 by Kevin Feasel

Kenneth Fisher notes that the LEN function can behave oddly on non-string data types:

Which show you that the FLOAT had to be converted to VARCHAR. You can see the same thing if you try it with various versions of INT or DATE datatypes as well. Like I said earlier. No big deal with INT or even DATE. Those come back in a fairly expected format. (INTs look exactly the same and DATEs come back as ‘YYYY-MM-DD’). FLOAT and REAL however are floating point so they don’t always convert the same way. If you do the conversion deliberately you get this:

Understand your data types; otherwise, it might come back to hurt you later.

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Recursive CTEs

Published 2016-05-27 by Kevin Feasel

Steve Jones gives a simple recursive CTE example and an important lesson on compounding:

Recursion is an interesting computer science technique that stumps lots of people. When I was learning programming, it seemed that recursion (in Pascal) and pointers (in C), were the weed out topics.

However, they aren’t that bad, and with CTEs, we can write recursion in T-SQL. I won’t cover where this might be used in this post, though I will give you a simple CTE to view.

There are two parts you need: the anchor and the recursive member. These are connected with a UNION ALL. There can be multiple items, but we’ll keep things simple.

You can play query golf and find a way to remove the recursion, but it’s good to know how to create a recursive CTE.  It’s also good to know that you typically do not want recursion in a database process…

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Plus Equals Operator

Published 2016-05-25 by Kevin Feasel

Andy Mallon shows off the += operator in T-SQL:

This is logically equivalent to the first version of the code, but I find it makes for more readable code. It just looks cleaner.

For those of us who are lazy looking to maximize efficiency, this could save a whole lot of key strokes.

This is true, but if you’re on SQL Server 2012 or later, check out CONCAT for concatenation, as it handles NULL values more elegantly.

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SET STATISTICS XML

Published 2016-05-23 by Kevin Feasel

Daniel Hutmacher explains how SET STATISTICS XML will generate execution plans for certain segments of code:

But sometimes you want to run a series of statements or procedures where you only want the execution plan for some of the statements. Here’s how:

The actual execution plan is enabled by turning on SET STATISTICS XML., not unlike enabling STATISTICS IO or TIME. And just like SET NOCOUNT, the SET statements apply to the current context, which could be a stored procedure, a session, etc. When this context ends, the setting reverts to that of the parent context.

I see code snippets with STATISTICS IO and TIME fairly regularly, but almost never see STATISTICS XML; instead, I see people (including myself) hit Ctrl-M or select the “Include Actual Execution Plan” button when generating execution plans is desirable.

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Updates With Joins

Published 2016-05-23 by Kevin Feasel

James Anderson shows a case in which an update with a join clause can lead to undesirable results:

That’s right; SQL Server will just pick any child. It will not update the parent row for each child. When the MERGE statement runs into this problem, it raises an error and rolls back the UPDATE but our query will silently pick any value and move on. We don’t want to update data like this, we want our query to dictate the logic explicitly. This will require some changes to our query.

I prefer to write these types of updates with the use of a CTE. This allows us to easily highlight the SELECT in the CTE and execute it to see which rows will be updated (@variables can cause problems here though). Adding a COUNT can help to identify the problem in the previous query.

Highlight and execute the code inside the CTE below to check for duplicates. If this returns 0 rows then you are good to remove the COUNT, GROUP BY and HAVING then add the name columns before executing the whole statement.

When writing T-SQL updates with joins, it’s important to consider whether the grain changes, and if that change can make a difference in your update set.

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More On String Splitting

Published 2016-04-22 by Kevin Feasel

Aaron Bertrand has a follow-up post on STRING_SPLIT():

So here, the JSON and STRING_SPLIT methods took about 10 seconds each, while the Numbers table, CLR, and XML approaches took less than a second. Perplexed, I investigated the waits, and sure enough, the four methods on the left incurred significant LATCH_EX waits (about 25 seconds) not seen in the other three, and there were no other significant waits to speak of.

And since the latch waits were greater than total duration, it gave me a clue that this had to do with parallelism (this particular machine has 4 cores). So I generated test code again, changing just one line to see what would happen without parallelism:

There’s a lot going on in that post, so I recommend checking it out.

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