Jeff Iannucci lays out the list:
I’ve recently been asked by some folks about different states for SQL Server databases. Questions like “what’s the state of a database with log shipping?”, “can I fix a database in (whatever) state with a restart?”, and “which is the bad one, RECOVERY or RECOVERY PENDING?”
Hopefully you don’t have to try to figure out if your database is in a bad way or not because of an unusual state, but I presume when you do you will need to know as soon as possible. So, I’ve put this handy list of possible database states together to help you in your moment of need.
Click through for the full set.