Jack Vamvas shows how to capture query errors using Extended Events:
If you’re troubleshooting SQL Server query errors , you’ll already know Extended Events are highly useful and very effective method to capture SQL Server errors.
To use the script you’ll need appropriate privileges to create the Extended Event. You will also need to have some space available on the disk to store output files.
If you want something a little less permanent, you can use the ring buffer target. I put together something like this a long time ago and enjoyed IM-ing coworkers and saying “You forgot the join criteria” with no other context. Freaked them out the first couple of times…