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Curated SQL Posts

Running R Scripts In Power BI

Published 2017-12-22 by Kevin Feasel

Mark Vaillancourt shows how to run an R script inside Power BI Desktop:

All of the options I will show require you to have R installed on your machine. I am using R version 3.4.3 I got here as well as R Studio (an IDE: Integrated Scripting Environment) version 1.1.383 I obtained here. You can also use Microsoft R Open, which you can get here. All are free. I am choosing base R and R Studio because I want to play with/show the use of non-Microsoft tools in conjunction with Microsoft tools. I am using 2.53.4954.481 64-bit (December 2017) of Power BI Desktop. Note that things could look/behave differently in other version of Power BI Desktop.

For this post, I am using a well-known dataset known as the Iris dataset, which you can read about here. I downloaded the zip file from here to obtain a csv file of the data set for one of my examples. The Iris dataset is also included in the “datasets” package in R Studio, which I will use as well.

Note: A key R concept to understand is that of a data frame, which is essentially just data in a tabular format. In a data frame, the “columns” are actually called “variables.”

Once you have R and an R IDE installed, Power BI Desktop will detect them. You can see this in the Power BI Desktop Options.

Mark shows you step by step using some snazzy SnagIt imagery.

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Speed Up Your Spark Queries

Published 2017-12-22 by Kevin Feasel

John Mount has some good advice for R users running Spark queries:

For some time we have been teaching R users “when working with wide tables on Spark or on databases: narrow to the columns you really want to work with early in your analysis.”

The idea behind the advice is: working with fewer columns makes for quicker queries.

The issue arises because wide tables (200 to 1000 columns) are quite common in big-data analytics projects. Often these are “denormalized marts” that are used to drive many different projects. For any one project only a small subset of the columns may be relevant in a calculation.

Some wonder is this really an issue or is it something one can ignore in the hope the downstream query optimizer fixes the problem. In this note we will show the effect is real.

This is good advice for more than just dealing with R on Spark.

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Tracking Best Practices With dbatools And Pester

Published 2017-12-22 by Kevin Feasel

Jason Squires has an example of combining dbatools with Pester to build out SQL Server instance quality reports:

With what I have learned from Pester, it seems to be best to test each command on its own. That got me to thinking, what if I walk into a large environment and I want to see an enterprise summary of best practices? I started working on a few different versions with the ultimate goal of using dbatools function Get-DbaRegisteredServer. I have included a few examples of Test functions that include best practices, as well as some default database best practices all from dbatools.

In my first run, I wanted to make sure that I can pass multiple servers with multiple tests and came up with the below script. You will notice the top section that uses the Get-Dba functions, I had to supply my own values of the properties I am testing. In the bottom section, you will notice that dbatools Test-Dba functions have the IsBestPractice property already and that is all you have to test against.

Read on for a sample of what you can do.

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Remember Those AG Endpoint Connections

Published 2017-12-22 by Kevin Feasel

Ginger Keys troubleshoots a connectivity failure in a two-node Availability Group:

The AlwaysOn Health Events were consistent with the SQL Server Logs. I discovered that the Windows Server Failover Cluster had been down (but was back online), and that the AlwaysOn Group had failed over and back. But the culprit to my secondary replica and databases being disconnected was an endpoint issue. I found in my SQL Server logs the service account running AlwaysOn had for some reason lost its permissions to connect to the endpoint:

Click through for the entire troubleshooting process as well as the solution.

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The Importance Of Model Interpretability

Published 2017-12-21 by Kevin Feasel

Ilknur Kaynar Kabul explains why it’s important that your data science models be interpretable:

Some machine learning models are simple and easy to understand. We know how changing the inputs will affect the predicted outcome and can make justification for each prediction. However, with the recent advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence, models have become very complex, including complex deep neural networks and ensembles of different models. We refer to these complex models as black box models.

Unfortunately, the complexity that gives extraordinary predictive abilities to black box models also makes them very difficult to understand and trust. The algorithms inside the black box models do not expose their secrets. They don’t, in general, provide a clear explanation of why they made a certain prediction. They just give us a probability, and they are opaque and hard to interpret. Sometimes there are thousands (even millions) of model parameters, there’s no one-to-one relationship between input features and parameters, and often combinations of multiple models using many parameters affect the prediction. Some of them are also data hungry. They need enormous amounts of data to achieve high accuracy. It’s hard to figure out what they learned from those data sets and which of those data points have more influence on the outcome than the others.

This post reminds me of a story I’d heard about a financial organization using neural networks to build accurate models, but then needing to decompose the models into complex decision trees to explain to auditors that they weren’t violating any laws in the process.

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Data Skip Techniques In Impala

Published 2017-12-21 by Kevin Feasel

Mostafa Mokhtar, et al, explain a few methods for skipping unneeded data in Impala queries:

Each Apache Parquet file contains a footer where metadata can be stored including information like the minimum and maximum value for each column. Starting in v2.9, Impala populates the min_value and max_value fields for each column when writing Parquet files for all data types and leverages data skipping when those files are read. This approach significantly speeds up selective queries by further eliminating data beyond what static partitioning alone can do. For files written by Hive / Spark, Impala only reads the deprecated min and max fields.

The effectiveness of the Parquet min_value/max_value column statistics for data skipping can be increased by ordering (or clustering1) data when it is written by reducing the range of values that fall between the minimum and maximum value for any given file. It was for this reason that Impala 2.9 added the SORT BY clause to table DDL which directs Impala to sort data locally during an INSERT before writing the data to files.

Even if your answer is “throw more hardware at it,” there eventually comes a point where you run out of hardware (or budget).

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Animated Dot Plots In R

Published 2017-12-21 by Kevin Feasel

John MacKintosh shows how to create dot plots in ggplot2, and then he uses gganimate to turn it into an animated plot:

If you want to follow along (go on) then you should head over to Neil’s site, download the excel file and take a look at the “how to” guide on the same page. Existing R users are already likely to be shuddering at all the manual manipulation required.

For the first attempt, I followed Neil’s approach pretty closely, resulting in a lot of code to sort and group, although ggplot2 made the actual plotting much simpler. I shared my very first attempt ( produce with barely any ggplot2 code) which was quite good, but there were a few issues – the ins/ outs being coloured blue instead of grey, and overplotting of several points.

Click through for code and explanation.  H/T R-Bloggers

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Power BI Dashboard Sharing

Published 2017-12-21 by Kevin Feasel

Reza Rad covers one method of sharing Power BI content with users:

What dashboard sharing as the name of it explains is based on a dashboard. You can only share a dashboard with this method, not a report. Consider that you have a dashboard like below screenshot, and you want to share it. There is a share link at the top right corner of the dashboard.

Dashboard sharing have very few options to set and is very simple to configure. You just need to add the email address of people whom you want to share this report. You can also write a message for them to know that this report is shared with them.

Click through for more information.  Note that this is a paid feature.

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