Since then, I’ve wondered if ColumnStore indexes (both clustered and non-clustered) might help any of these scenarios. TL;DR: Based on this experiment in isolation, the answer to the title of this post is a resounding NO. If you don’t want to see the test setup, code, execution plans, or graphs, feel free to skip to my summary, keeping in mind that my analysis is based on a very specific use case.
I actually would have been surprised to find the answer here to be “yes.” Columnstore is designed with aggregation in mind, rather than pulling out a fairly small subset of the data.